What Are the Symptoms of PCOS? — How Is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosed?
PCOS (Polycystic Ovary Syndrome), one of the most common hormonal disorders in women, can affect the ovulation cycle and manifest with symptoms such as irregular periods, excessive hair growth, and weight gain. Early diagnosis is highly important for fertility and overall health.
What Is PCOS?
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a hormonal disorder that causes numerous small cysts to form in the ovaries and leads to an increase in androgens (male hormones). This imbalance disrupts the menstrual cycle and negatively affects ovulation.
It is most commonly seen in women of reproductive age and affects approximately 1 in 10 women in Türkiye. Although the exact cause of PCOS is unknown, genetic predisposition, insulin resistance, and lifestyle factors are believed to play a role.
What Are the Symptoms of PCOS?
The symptoms of PCOS vary from person to person, but the most common signs include:
- Irregular periods: Infrequent periods or complete absence of menstruation is the most common symptom.
- Excessive hair growth (hirsutism): Male-pattern hair growth may appear on the face, chin, or chest.
- Acne and oily skin: Hormonal changes can lead to acne.
- Weight gain and insulin resistance: Difficulty losing weight and blood sugar imbalances may occur.
- Hair thinning: Elevated androgen levels may cause thinning of the hair.
- Difficulty conceiving: Irregular ovulation decreases the chance of becoming pregnant.
How Is PCOS Diagnosed?
Diagnosis is made through clinical evaluation and laboratory tests. The following assessments are typically performed:
- Hormone tests: LH, FSH, testosterone, and prolactin levels are measured.
- Ultrasound (USG): Evaluates the presence and size of ovarian cysts.
- Insulin and blood sugar tests: Used to assess insulin resistance.
- Rotterdam criteria: PCOS is confirmed if at least two findings are present (ovulatory dysfunction, elevated androgen levels, or ultrasound evidence).
How Is PCOS Treated?
PCOS treatment is personalized. The primary goal is to regulate hormones and reduce symptoms.
Medical treatment options include:
- Hormone-regulating medications (birth control pills, anti-androgens)
- Metformin (to reduce insulin resistance)
- Ovulation-inducing medications (for those planning pregnancy)
Lifestyle modifications:
- Regular exercise (walking or sport activities 3–4 times per week)
- A low-carbohydrate, high-fiber diet
- Adequate sleep and stress management
PCOS and Pregnancy
PCOS can make conceiving more difficult due to irregular ovulation. However, with proper treatment, many women can achieve a healthy pregnancy.
For patients planning to conceive:
- Ovulation-supporting medications may be used.
- In some cases, IVF (in vitro fertilization) may be recommended.
- During pregnancy, hormone and blood sugar levels are closely monitored.
When Should You See a Doctor?
You should consult a gynecologist without delay if you experience:
- No menstrual period for more than 3 months
- Rapid weight gain or difficulty losing weight
- Excessive hair growth on the face or body
- Persistent acne
- Difficulty conceiving
Frequently Asked Questions About PCOS
PCOS is a lifelong tendency, but it can be effectively managed with regular treatment.
With appropriate treatment, many women can conceive naturally.
It typically emerges during adolescence.
A balanced diet that is low in carbohydrates and high in fiber is recommended.
If left untreated, the risks of infertility, diabetes, and heart disease may increase.
